C.S. Lewis

Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland on November 29, 1898, Clive Staples (“Jack”) Lewis was reared in a peculiarly bookish home, one in which the reality he found on the pages of the books within his parents’ extensive library seemed as tangible and meaningful to him as anything that transpired outside their doors.

As adolescents, Lewis and his older brother, Warren, were more at home in the world of ideas and books of the past, than with the material, technological world of the 20th Century. When the tranquillity and sanctity of the Lewis home was shattered beyond repair by the death of his mother when he was ten, Lewis sought refuge in composing stories and excelling in scholastics. Soon thereafter he became precociously oriented toward the metaphysical and ultimate questions.

The rest of his saga and the particulars of his writing career might be seen as the melancholy search for the security he had took granted during the peace and grace of his childhood. By Lewis’s testimony, this recovery was to be had only in the “joy” he discovered in an adult conversion to Christianity. Long-time friend and literary executor of the Lewis estate, Owen Barfield has suggested that there were, in fact, three “C. S. Lewises.” That is to say, during his lifetime Lewis fulfilled three very different vocations– and fulfilled them successfully.

There was, first, Lewis the distinguished Oxbridge literary scholar and critic; second, Lewis, the highly acclaimed author of science fiction and children’s literature; and thirdly, Lewis, the popular writer and broadcaster of Christian apologetics. The amazing thing, Barfield notes, is that those who may have known of Lewis in any single role may not have known that he performed in the other two. In a varied and comprehensive writing career, Lewis carved out a sterling reputation as a scholar, a novelist, and a theologian for three very different audiences.

No brief summary can thus do justice to the many and varied works Lewis produced in his lifetime between 1919-1961. Indeed, more Lewis volumes–collection of essays, chiefly–have appeared after his death than during his lifetime. A sampling of the range and depth of his achievements in criticism, fiction, and apologetics might begin, however, with the first books Lewis published, two volumes of poetry: Spirits in Bondage, published in 1919 when Lewis was but 23, and his long narrative poem, Dymer, published in 1926. Neither were critical successes, convincing the classically trained Lewis that he would never become an accomplished poet given the rise of modernism; subsequently he turned his attention to literary history, specifically the field of medieval and renaissance literature. Along the way, however, Lewis embraced Christianity, and in 1933, published his first theological work, The Pilgrim’s Regress, a parody of John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress, that details Lewis’s flight from skepticism to faith in a lively allegory.

In 1936, Lewis published the breakthrough work that earned him his reputation as a scholar, The Allegory of Love, a work of high-calibre, original scholarship that revolutionized literary understanding of the function of allegory in medieval literature, particularly Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. Between 1939 and 1954, Lewis continued to publish well-received works in criticism and theory, debating E. M. W. Tillyard on the objectivity of poetry in The Personal Heresy, published in 1939, and in that same year publishing a collection of essays under the title Rehabilitations–a work whose title characterized much of Lewis’s work, as he attempted to bring the fading critical reputation of authors he revered back into balance. In 1942, his A Preface to Paradise Lost attempted to rehabilitate the reputation of John Milton, while in 1954, he offered a comprehensive overview of 16th-century British poetry and narrative in his English Literature in the Sixteenth Century.

Lewis is best known, however, for his fiction and his Christian apologetics, two disciplines complementary to each other within his oeuvre. In 1936, Lewis completed the first book in a science-fiction space trilogy, Out of the Silent Planet, that introduced the hero, Edwin Ransom, a philologist modeled roughly on Lewis’s friend, J. R. R. Tolkien. Perelandra, a new version of Paradise Lost set in Venus, followed in 1943, and That Hideous Strength completed the trilogy in 1945; the latter Lewis billed as “a fairy tale for adults,” treating novelistically of the themes Lewis had developed in his critique of modern education in The Abolition of Man, published two years earlier.

Lewis’s most notable critical and commercial success, however, is certainly his seven-volume Chronicles of Narnia, which he published in single volumes from 1950-56. These popular children’s fantasies began with the 1950 volume, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, a tale centered around Aslan the lion, a Christ-figure who creates and rules the supernatural land of Narnia, and the improbable adventures of four undaunted British schoolchildren who stumble into Narnia through a clothes closet. Lewis’s own favorite fictional work, Till We Have Faces, his last imaginative work, published in 1956, is a retelling of the Cupid/Psyche myth, but has never achieved the critical recognition he hoped it would.

Lewis’s reputation as a winsome, articulate proponent of Christianity began with the publication of two important theological works: The Problem of Pain, a defense of pain–and the doctrine of hell– as evidence of an ordered universe, published in 1940; and The Screwtape Letters, a “interception” of a senior devil’s correspondence with a junior devil fighting with “the Enemy,” Christ, over the soul of an unsuspecting believer, published in 1942. Lewis emerged during the war years as a religious broadcaster who became famous as “the apostle to skeptics,” in Britain and abroad, especially in the United States. His wartime radio essays defending and explaining the Christian faith comforted the fearful and wounded, and were eventually collected and published in America as Mere Christianity in 1952. In the midst of this prolific output, Lewis took time to write his spiritual autobiography, Surprised by Joy, published in 1955. In the two decades before his death, Lewis published more than eight books that directly or indirectly served him in the task of apologetics and he is arguably the most important Christian writer of the 20th Century.

A prolific and popular author, Lewis’s criticism, fiction, and religious essays stay in print, and are continually reprinted in various bindings and new collections. Lewis’s life and work have been also the focus of countless books since his death in 1963. Ironically, though, Lewis may eventually suffer the same fate as other authors he himself “rehabilitated” during his scholarly career.

Surfeited by volume after volume of analysis, paraphrase, and critique, Lewis’s own canon may be dwarfed by secondary sources, an attitude he opposed all of his life in reading others. As it stands, both his fiction and theological writings have been endlessly and hyper-critically explored, creating a trail of footnotes and asides long enough to camouflage the essential viewpoints and facts about his life–thus discouraging even the most diligent student of Lewis. It must be said that Lewis’s own works remain the most reliable source and insightful interpreter of this original thinker and personality.

I. Primary Works Written by C. S. Lewis

NOVELS:

Out of the Silent Planet, 1938; Perelandra, 1942; That Hideous Strength, 1945; The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 1950; Prince Caspian, 1951; The Voyage of the “Dawn Treader,” 1952; The Silver Chair, 1953; The Horse and His Boy, 1954; The Magician’s Nephew, 1955; The Last Battle, 1956; Till We Have Faces, 1956.

THEOLOGY:

The Pilgrim’s Regress, 1933; The Problem of Pain, 1940; The Screwtape Letters, 1942; The Abolition of Man, 1943; The Great Divorce, 1945; Miracles, 1947; The Weight of Glory, 1949; Mere Christianity, 1952; Reflections on the Psalms, 1958; The Four Loves, 1960; The World’s Last Night, 1960; Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer, 1963; Of Other Worlds, 1966; Christian Reflections, 1967; God in the Dock, 1971.

LITERARY CRITICISM:

The Allegory of Love, 1936; Rehabilitations, 1939; The Personal Heresy, 1939; A Preface to Paradise Lost, 1942; Arthurian Torso, 1948; English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, 1954; Studies in Words, 1960; An Experiment in Criticism, 1961; The Discarded Image, 1964; Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, 1966; Spenser’s Images of Life, 1967; Selected Literary Essays, 1969; Present Concerns, 1986.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY: Surprised by Joy, 1955; A Grief Observed, 1961.

CORRESPONDENCE: Letters of C. S. Lewis, 1966; Letters to an American Lady, 1967; The Letters of C. S. Lewis to Arthur Greeves, 1979.

POETRY: Spirits in Bondage, 1919; Dymer, 1926; Poems, 1964; Narrative Poems, 1969.

II. Secondary Resources

• In the absence of a full-fledged bio-critical study of Lewis, Kathryn Lindskoog, C. S. Lewis: Mere Christian, 1988, and Margaret Hannay, C. S. Lewis, 1981, are perhaps the two best single volumes on the life and career of Lewis, both offering broad overviews and provocative evaluations of each of his works.
• Roger L. Green and Walter Hooper, C. S. Lewis: A Biography, 1974, though dated, and somewhat misleading, remains the best biographical source, though William Griffin, C. S. Lewis; A Dramatic Life, 1986, offers a unique diary-like, strictly chronological look at Lewis’s life, and James Como, ed., C. S. Lewis at the Breakfast Table, 1979, provides capsule impressions by Oxbridge colleagues and friends who knew Lewis best.
• Paul Holmer, C. S. Lewis: The Shape of His Faith and Thought, 1976 and Corbin Scott Carnell, Bright Shadow of Reality: C. S. Lewis and the Feeling Intellect, 1974, offer insights into the intellectual influences on Lewis and how they manifested themselves in both his theology and fiction.
• Bruce L. Edwards A Rhetoric of Reading: C. S. Lewis’s Defense of Western Literacy, 1986, offers an in-depth assessment of Lewis’ literary criticism and interpretive method, while his edited collection,
• The Taste of the Pineapple: Essays on C. S. Lewis as Reader, Critic, and Imaginative Writer, 1988, boasts 14 essays by prominent Lewis scholars whose incisive analysis of Lewis’s fictional and critical principles explains how each informed the other.
• Thomas Howard, The Achievement of C. S. Lewis, 1980, concentrates exclusively on Lewis’s Narnian tales and the Space Trilogy, providing evocative readings of both.
• Peter Schakel, Reason and Imagination in C. S. Lewis: A Study of Till We Have Faces, 1984, presents a convincing, masterful interpretation of Lewis’s most difficult work.
• Kathryn Lindksoog’s The C. S. Lewis Hoax, 1988, is a provoking and disturbing inquiry into the authenticity and integrity of some posthumously published stories commonly attributed to Lewis.
• Other studies include Robert H. Smith, Patches of Godlight: The Pattern of Thought of C. S. Lewis, 1981; Jocelyn Gibb, Light on C. S. Lewis, 1965; and Peter Schakel, Reading with the Heart: the Way into Narnia, 1979.

Copyright 2004 by Bruce L. Edwards All Rights Reserved
Republished here with permission from the author
If you would like more information about C.S. Lewis, visit the site of Dr. Bruce L. Edwards.

“…One of the most influential spokesmen
for Christianity in the English speaking world.”
-Time Magazine
…a professor at Oxford University…

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